Background
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which
plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs
are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional
similarities. The human TLR family comprises 11 members. They recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate
the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. For the
recognition of structural components in foreign microorganisms, the various TLRs exhibit
different patterns of expression as well; in this way for example, TLR-3, -7, and -8 are
essential in the recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses. TLR7 senses single-stranded RNA
oligonucleotides containing guanosine- and uridine-rich sequences from RNA viruses, a
recognition occuring in the endosomes of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. This gene
is predominantly expressed in lung, placenta, and spleen, and is phylogenetically related
and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR8, on chromosome X.
